50페이지 내용 : 44 Aviation Insight _ Vol. 41 Programme Pro-Alcool implemented by the Brazilian government in the late 1970s mandatory blending of ethanol fuel with gasoline from 10% to 22% contributed to a substantial increase in quantities of ethanol in the first half of the 1980s. In the United States, the introduction of the Renewable Fuel Standard RFS , that requires transportation fuel sold in the United States to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuels, and originated with the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and expanded and extended by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, have contributed to substantial increase in production of ethanol in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Sources1975-1979Earth Policy Data Center https//bit.ly/33su4el, 1980-2018US Energy Information Administrationhttps//bit.ly/3bLiJKi 13 US Energy Information Administrationwww.eia.gov/biofuels/biodiesel/production 14 IEAhttps//bit.ly/32xSbZX 15 IEAwww.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/wind 16 International Energy Agency Electricity Information, September 2019low carbon sources includebiofuels and waste 2% ; solar 2% ; wind 4% ; geothermal, tidal, other 1% ; hydro 16% ; nuclear 10% Fossil electricity sources include natural gas 23% ; oil 3% ; and coal 38% www.iea.org/reports/electricity-information-2019 17 International Energy Agency OECD gross electricity production by source, 1974-2018ww w.iea.org/reports/electricity-information-2019 and electricity from renewables are expecte d to grow by 50% between 2019 and 2024 alonewww.iea.org/reports/renewables-2019 18 BloombergNEF New Energy Outlook 2019https//bloom.bg/3mVNAJ1. Low carbon includes nuclear, but the report suggests renewables will provide 50% of the global electricity supply by 2037 and will cross the 50% mark at different rates in these countriesJapan 2036 , China 2036 , UK 2025 , Germany 2022 , France 2036 ? although if you include nuclear, France is nearly 100% low carbon already 19 IEA analysis, electricity from renewables are expected to grow by 50% between 2019 and 2024 alonehttps//bit.ly/33vlqf9 20 International Energy Agency capital expenditure by oil and gas companieshttps//bit.ly/2ZGlBDj 21 International Energy Agency Energy Subsidies Databasehttps//bit.ly/32whYlp 22 Data from Clean Skies for Tomorrow project, augmented with analysis from ATAG IATA Environment and IATA Economics. Jet fuel shown with a range of 2000-2020 high of $180 per barrel $1,415 a tonne in July 2008 and a low of $40 per barrel $314 a tonne in 2016. 23 Policy suggestions include items generated by The Atlantic Council SAF Policy in the United States, April 2020 by Fred Ghatalahttps//bit.ly/3iznkl9 24 World Bank, State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2020, May 2020https//bit.ly/35yXOZP